A butterfly joint, also called a bow tie, dovetail key, Dutchman joint, or Nakashima joint, is a type of joint or inlay used to hold two or more pieces of woods together. These types of joints are mainly used for aesthetics, but they can also be used to reinforce cracks in pieces of wood, doors, picture frames, or drawers.[1]
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The term Dutchman is used when a patch or inlay covers a miss-cut or an imperfect piece of wood. A Dutchman can also cover a knot in the wood. A Dutchman can be wood or metal. The origin of the name is from San Francisco after the gold rush. All types of European craftsmen came to California to earn a living. The term Dutchman is slang given to the woodworking process of inserting patches. The term Dutchman has been found in the literature of John Russell Bartlett in the Dictionary of Americanisms and Edward H. Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary.[2]
Contemporary decorative dovetail keys are commonly seen in and associated with the work of George Nakashima.[4] George Nakashima, a Japanese-American woodworker, made the butterfly joint famous in the 1950s. He incorporated it into his nature-inspired woodworking pieces. Nakashima's idea was to not change the wood, only enhance its beauty.[5]
While Nazi Germany introduced a series of improvements to the Enigma over the years, and these hampered decryption efforts, they did not prevent Poland from cracking the machine as early as December 1932 and reading messages prior to and into the war. Poland's sharing of her achievements enabled the western Allies to exploit Enigma-enciphered messages as a major source of intelligence.[2] Many commentators say the flow of Ultra communications intelligence from the decrypting of Enigma, Lorenz, and other ciphers shortened the war substantially and may even have altered its outcome.[3]
Most of the key was kept constant for a set time period, typically a day. A different initial rotor position was used for each message, a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography. The reason is that encrypting many messages with identical or near-identical settings (termed in cryptanalysis as being in depth), would enable an attack using a statistical procedure such as Friedman's Index of coincidence.[28] The starting position for the rotors was transmitted just before the ciphertext, usually after having been enciphered. The exact method used was termed the indicator procedure. Design weakness and operator sloppiness in these indicator procedures were two of the main weaknesses that made cracking Enigma possible.
The Swiss used a version of Enigma called Model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use, which was very similar to commercial Enigma D. The machine's code was cracked by Poland, France, the United Kingdom and the United States; the latter code-named it INDIGO. An Enigma T model, code-named Tirpitz, was used by Japan.
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Talk to anyone who really needs to put things together and you find a horror of nails, screws, rivets and, with the exception of steel for which it is wonderful, welding. A good way to make anything fail is to put a hole in it or to heat parts of it while other parts remain cool. When things are held together by nails, screws or rivets, stresses are focussed on the hole and crack cans start there. Those fixing devices become instant sources of potential failure. The bio-inspired hook-and-loop type of fasteners developed and commercialized under the name Velcro are an ingenious variant on the old hook-and-eye system. Although they are a welcome addition to the world of fasteners thanks to their ability to distribute a load over a wide area, because they are purely mechanical, they feature no further in this book. And, of course, these fasteners themselves are often attached via a strong adhesive.
We start by admiring those pioneers of adhesion who managed to take crude raw materials such as birch bark tar or boiled bones to create really rather impressive adhesives. We then switch to some necessary basics to become familiar with the few core ideas needed to understand the rest of the book. By looking at how geckos manage to stick to walls, we see the sort of adhesion we mostly don't want, getting ready to find out how to get the (usually) strong adhesion we do want. But before getting to strong adhesion we need to know how to measure if our adhesion is strong. Because adhesion is a property of the system, this is by no means obvious. Then we can get to understand how strong adhesives work (and when they will fail). Because much of strong adhesion depends on strong polymers, we need then to switch to pressure sensitive adhesives (common tapes) that give strong adhesion thanks to very weak polymers. What unites the strengths of both types of adhesives is that they each manage to dissipate the energy of a potential crack; adhesion is much more about dissipation than it is about strength. That completes the next five chapters and provides all the principles we need. The final five chapters are about specific systems and how they work with the principles we've worked hard to understand.
It wasn't until the 16th century that European princes wanted fancy cabinet making and laminated woodwork, and musicians wanted large, delicate instruments. The demand from the elite ensured that the art and science of adhesives was redeveloped. The first large glue factory (with horses as a key raw material) was founded in Holland in the late 17th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries patents for fish and casein glues were published.
A kind researcher at the British library tracked down for me the earliest known British patent for a glue. The inventor, Peter Zomer, was from the Netherlands, and the patent is really about getting both the train oil (whale oil; the drops are seen as being like tears, which are traane in Dutch) and a fish glue from the Greenland whaling industry: 2ff7e9595c
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